March 25, 2009

PS: The Possession

AKA The Return of I Am Six

by Oubliette

After watching this fused episode-it starts out with supposed demonic activity in a house in Kentucky and links up this activity with the demon possessed Laura of "I Am Six"-I don't know whether to laugh or cry.  Actually, I find myself getting angrier and angrier at A & E for continuing to allow what is one of the most tasteless and harmful shows on TV to continue to saturate the airwaves.  It is so bad, it even makes me wish that there were some kind of censorship committee in existence to protect malleable minds (and I'm not talking children here) from this sort of nonsense.

Last night had it all–Ryan and his demon obsession, a horned devil, a suicide, poor Laura who seems worse than ever, a priest performing an exorcism straight out of The Exorcist, and the icing on the cake–Lorraine Warren.  Oh yes, and the testing, not once but twice, of something called the Ganzfeld Experiment, one of the most ludicrous attempts to "enhance" psychic abilities that I have ever seen.  Maybe it was the ping pong balls over the eyes, but it provided one of the few comedic elements in this mess of a show.

As you can tell, my frustration with this show is getting in the way of my objectivity, but for the sake of sanity, I shall plow ahead.

Part 1 – A family in Kentucky is experiencing a demon in their home so evil that it caused the sister (Donna) of one of the occupants (Debbie, who provides most of the information) to commit suicide by throwing herself off a cliff into the Mississippi.  Stop right there–it is NOT ACCEPTABLE to start toying with the deep emotions of a family still grieving over such a traumatic event, let alone supporting the ridiculous idea that some demon drove this woman to her demise.  And a demon with the proverbial ram's horns on its head, no less.  That description is provided by the deceased Donna and confirmed by Chip Coffey, who undergoes a session with the Ganzfeld device.  This apparently helped increase his psychic abilities, as he begins to chant "I Am Six" (now you can see where this is leading).
This demon was able to corral Debbie's school aged daughter in the basement, force her down and lick her face-she could actually feel its tongue.  It also told Debbie it could help her liked it helped Donna.

One has to wonder if this family ever consulted a psychiatrist, but they seem more interested in the fact that witches were said to have been in the house.  "Bad" witches, wiccans???  We are never told.

Chip is having no trouble communicating with the demon, who is threatening that it could "kill anyone it wants to".  Apparently all this got to PS member Chad, who will later exhibit a wimpiness not usually associated with someone of his temperament (and size).  IMO he began to scare himself early on and events later just escalated his fears.
I will leave it up to the viewer to see the comedic device called the Ganzfeld Experiment and its effects on Chip.  To me, this procedure is ludicrous.  Sensory deprivation can cause the brain to hallucinate and anything may be experienced as it tries to reconnect with the outer world.  But that apparently doesn't enter into this group's analysis of the result of the experiment.

Suddenly, Ryan very conveniently receives a phone call from Laura's mom, and once again we are plunged into the all the strangeness associated with the "I Am Six" episode.  Apparently the demon has been beating up on Laura like a drunken, enraged husband.  And Chip is simultaneously experiencing Laura's pain while at Debbie's house in Kentucky.  Ryan decides that the team needs to get to Laura pronto, and they quickly drive the 5 hours to get to the besieged woman.  They do leave the priest behind to do all the religious motions, but he will later join up with the others at Laura's home, so severe is the attack this second time.

Part 2 – Here's where it really gets weird.  Laura looks exhausted and has a bruise or cut over one of her eyes.  The parents claim that the night before, the demon had been choking Laura, again having only their word and Laura's that this is what occurred.  Once again, one cannot help but notice all the religious paraphernalia all over the house, including a crucifix on the wall with a cross under it.  Overkill, to say the least.

The infamous laundry chute (which it would have been impossible for even thin Laura to fit through) is examined again.  In the basement, hefty Chad gets pushed and hightails it outside, asking that he not be filmed while he recovers.

Chip also provides the info that the demon came from the water; meaning the river.  It became apparent that this demon (or demons) sail the Mississippi in search of vulnerable people; hence, it's link between the Kentucky demon and the Quincy, Illinois home of Laura and her parents.  Don't ask me how they arrived at this conclusion, but they somehow did.  We also learn the names of the six demons, one of which sounds like "Bob" to my ears.

Enter the Queen of the Demonologists, Lorraine Warren.  However, her role seems somewhat subdued, especially when compared to the other players in this melodrama.  A parapsychologist, Dr. David Frederick, is consulted by phone, who adds little except to talk about "multiple possessions" where demons jump around from person to person.  It is also, IMO, something that is done to add credibility to all this idiocy.   Father Bob again joins the group and proceeds with an exorcism in Laura's bedroom that is only missing Linda Blair's character–Laura is a poor substitute.  In fact, Laura at this point is downstairs on the couch.

Holy Water is thrown, the gang keeps chanting "The power of Christ compels you"–at this point Laura, who is still downstairs, starts to exhibit all the signs of an asthma attack and the gang rushes to her aid.  This is where we change from weird to absurd.  Laura's encore performance is of the same low quality as her first.  The cast of this Passion Play do their best to drive the demon away and calm Laura down.   Finally yelling "Get out of me!", Laura seems subdued and is left alone to sob away, quieter but still apparently possessed.

According to Ryan, this is an example of a "perfect possession", because the demon's hold on the person is complete.  This is because the possessed "does not want it gone", one of the few insights Ryan actually has as to why Laura is going through all this.  Ryan opts to go with the helmet/ping pong balls experiment, through which he sees and hears the demon.  Then Ryan hears Laura utter a horrible scream through his headphones (IMO, if this is not simply a performance by all involved, Laura is seeking more attention as the cameras are pointed elsewhere, something which lies at the heart of her "possessions").

At some point during this circus, Ryan makes what to me is an unforgiveable statement–if Laura doesn't get help, "she will die".  How did he arrive at this diagnosis?  Making such a statement insinuating that someone's demise may be near is totally inappropriate, erroneous and damaging, even if said out of earshot of the principals involved.  Where do you get this prognosis, Dr. Buell?

Back to our story.  Once again, every one rushes to Laura.  Mom is trying to exorcise the demon, and then the whole gang joins in for another repeat.  Only this time, Ryan picks Laura up in his arms (really!), the girl starts breathing again, and all is again quiet, at least for the time being.  Ryan lectures Laura about not letting the demon take over, rightfully assuming that the young lady is actually allowing this to happen.  I cannot argue with that, even though what I think is Laura's problem and what Ryan believes it to be are at polar opposites.

Then comes the dramatic ending–one which involved YouTube and which I had seen on that channel about two months ago.  Ryan makes a heartfelt plea to the world for people to prayer for Laura's deliverance.  Snippets of people praying on YouTube are then shown, dutifully following their Lord and Master–um, I mean Ryan's–command.  It seems to have worked, at least for now or until the sequel.  And Ryan's narcissism has been re-enforced, having been given another shot of adulation from his fans.

Why have I gone to such great lengths over this episode?  Because it is wrong, wrong, wrong.  Everyone involved should be ashamed of themselves, most of all A & E, which continues to air this assault on reason.  To allow people who are obviously experiencing deep emotional and psychological problems to be used for such absurd entertainment purposes is simply, IMO, immoral to the core.

A recently divorced and very depressed woman commits suicide.  It was never considered that her grief over her divorce caused a temporary schizophrenic condition, complete with visual and auditory hallucinations, the result of which produced this "demon".  Her family is intensely distraught, only to be reinforced by Ryan and company in the belief that a demon made her do it and it will keep harassing the survivors, apparently until death.  This was a job for professionals, not some holy water throwing people who feed the fantasy and make assumptions they have no business making in the first place.

As for Laura, we have already discussed the possible problems involving this child-woman, her need for attention, so much so that she may be harming herself to simulate a demon's attack, parents who dote on her and believe every word she says–it goes on and on.  Again, IF this is real, the PS crew have no business messing with people's minds, especially when there are apparent signs of a deep emotional or psychological problem.

To sum up, it seems the popularity of the original "I Am Six" was used to bounce PS to new heights (or lows).  Dramatic music is inserted at the right points, something I don't believe was used in previous seasons.  We see another strange invention make its TV debut in a paranormal show, and which only succeeds in making the participants look somewhat out of touch with reality, to put it nicely.  Ryan gets to make a universal plea to involve the viewers, drawing them into the action.  This episode, more than any other, demonstrates that limits should and must be at least considered as far as using vulnerable people to satisfy the public's need for paranormal melodrama.  But it seems like the almighty dollar will continue to reign supreme while reason, truth and morality are chucked out the window in favor of the almighty ratings machine.

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Comments on PS: The Possession

March 25, 2009

Nosfer @ 9:01 am

I have only one comment on this episode (and by extension, this show).

Why only one? Because:

A: I, quite frankly, don't even know where to begin tearing it apart; and,
B: You've done a great job of it for me already!

So, all I will say is that it appears we finally have a show that makes Most Haunted seem Professional, Full of Integrity, and Steeped in the Scientific Process.

Leslie @ 11:03 am

I only watched this show because i had heard on another board that it was going to be an extension of the 'I Am Six' episode (the one that caused me to stop watching PS altogether). I kept thinking "they wouldn't dare!"
Well, they did.
Sad. Really, really sad!

bullerspoke @ 12:23 pm

It really pains me to read your review. People are actually getting harmed in and by this show. I stopped watching PS after a similar episode where a guy had threatened to kill his family and of course was deemed possessed by the all-knowing Ryan and subjected to some nasty mumbo-jumbo including exorcisms. I really can't take that it makes me too sad when unstable people with problems are exploited to serve someone's agenda for fame and recognition and not least, their wallet. It is downright criminal and I almost want to go old testament on Ryan and his consorts. I almost hope there is a catholic God out there that will judge Ryan severely for his hybris, narcissism and exploitation of his fellow man.

Ryan, you are not a prophet, or a disciple you are a nasty kid who bullies and exploit people. Get off the air and enroll in a monastery where your ego can't hurt anyone and furthermore hopefully will be subdued and you will be a humble man before your God and your fellow man.

Damn, I get so angry and sad by all this PS-nonsense, it really gets to me. Maybe I care too much for my fellow man, but I can't take it when people get hurt, intentionally and probably for life. It even makes me hope that somekind of divine justice comes down like a ton of bricks on the whole circus one day.

Bauer488 @ 12:27 pm

Notice in the helmet/ping pong ball experiment Ryan is wearing a striped shirt…He hears a scream in the white-noise headphones, racing upstairs to help. Now in the room with Laura, Ryan is now wearing a black shirt and jacket! Bad bad editing room!

MoxieMama @ 12:57 pm

Wow. I was waiting for what you'd say about this episode. After this complete pile of paranormal hype, I'm just so done with PS. I wanted it to be a good show, but this was total rubbish. I've been on several paranormal investigations and I believe paranormal research can be for real. Unfortunately PS is giving honest investigators a horrible name. Thanks for the great analysis.

Nosfer @ 1:25 pm

@Bauer488: I'm glad you mentioned that, I saw _some_ change and something just didn't look right about the two scenes but I couldn't put my finger on it…and I did not bother to record it to do any review of it. At least Ryan has managed to do this process without the requirement of Post-Obeisance to the Porcelain Deities (or was that cut out, too)

Is it not a requirement that a Bishop or higher (I should know this!) authorize a priest to do an exorcism? Maybe this was done, who knows.

Hannah @ 7:00 pm

Well done Obuliette! The saddest thing I can say, as I hope that Laura doesn't try for a third appearance on PS.

March 26, 2009

Oubliette @ 8:54 am

I'm glad fellow posters liked my review. The sheer daring of this show and what it is doing to impressionable minds has gotten way out of hand. I had to get it out of my system. Next stop for me is writing A & E and, perhaps more importantly, the advertisers that appeared during this show.

For anyone who is a glutton for punishment, the episode can be watched online at:

http://www.aetv.com/paranormal-state/

Kudos to Bauer488 for catching the shirt change. I was still trying to get over the ping pong balls and didn't notice that important detail. Not surprisingly, this show is as heavily edited, and probably scripted, as any other of its kind.

For those of you who want to know about the Catholic church and the Rite of Exorcism:

Nosfer brought up a good point. It does have to be sanctioned by a bishop. I can't believe the church would allow its rituals to be used this way, maybe unless it received a good-sized "donation". This fact made my husband question the validity of Father Bob and what he was doing. So we dug a little deeper.

Besides the need of obtaining a bishop's OK, all avenues including an intense psychiatric evaluation must be done to rule out any mental disorder. This latter is a modern stipulation, as one can imagine. After all, the Church had to finally acknowledge the progress made in the mental health field since the medieval ages. Was this fully done in Laura's case?

I don't think so. If it was, any good mental health practitioner, at least IMO, would not have allowed her to be used in such a fashion, though if she is judged to be of sound mind she has the option to go ahead with the show against medical advice. I'll not go further with this but I believe someone with any sense would have cautioned against her partaking in a show of this kind and the non-medical people associated with it.

Getting back to the Rite of Exorcism, there are two versions. The older and longer one is done in Latin. However, in 1999 the Church has allowed a more streamlined, user friendly form. Even so, PS gets it wrong.

You know the chant "The Power of Christ Compels You" which is uttered over and over by the group during their exorcism? Anyone who has seen The Exorcist is familiar with this scene. It is not correct and to me indicates PS is trying to bring even more drama into the mix.

The actual line is: "For it is the power of Christ that compels you, who brought you low by His cross" and is not repeated as a chant but is part of a larger paragraph that is said over the possessed during the ritual. So much for Hollywood.

As for Father Bob, we toyed with the idea that he is simply an actor. One reason was his apparent difficulty in reading Latin. He does not have the fluency of someone acquainted with that language. Also, the fact about getting permission from a higher ranking authority–if he didn't, he'd be in big trouble.

Further research has found that he is indeed Rev. Robert L. Bailey of St. Maria Goretti Church in Pawtucket, R.I.

http://www.stmariagoretti-ri.org/

Although that site does not mention his interest in the paranormal, his MySpace certainly does:

http://www.myspace.com/frbob

Remembering my Catholic upbringing (of which I only reluctantly took part) and considering that the church seems to condemn belief in the paranormal per se, it begs the question as to how Fr. Bob gets away with what he does. I don't have the answer, unless the church has agreed to look the other way in his case.

Here I go, getting caught up in this episode again. But one last fact. I would have thought that contemporary religion would be distancing itself from belief in demon possession and demonic forces. Not so. I found this disturbing website from Australia, where the church there is actively recruiting exorcists. From the blog:

"The Catholic Church in Australia is facing a massive shortage of exorcists – and hundreds of priests are to be trained to help plug the deficit. Church leaders are blaming a rise in Satanism for the increasing demand for exorcisms."

http://blog.newhumanist.org.uk/2008/02/catholic-church-calls-for-more.html

Are we as rational human beings devolving backwards in our thinking? I shudder to think this is the case. Actually, as my husband said to me, the goings-on in this episode of PS cannot be that much different from the activity performed over some of the supposed witches during the infamous Salem witch trials. Very sad-and disturbing.

Oubliette @ 8:57 am

Forgot to give the link to the Exorcism ritual:

http://www.catholicdoors.com/prayers/english/p01975b.htm

Patrick @ 2:13 pm

Are we even sure this show depicts "real" cases? I mean, like those "A Haunting in __________" shows that were on TLC for a while, and that were obviously staged, fabricated, and used actors. I just think this show is straddling the line somewhere between the X Files and GH.

Hannah @ 3:54 pm

Do not think Laura an actress, if she is. . .she is a bad one. I think she has mental health issues.
A blog site had a post from someone whose sister had gone to high school with her. "A few weeks ago I received a call from my sister who told me that some girl she went to high school with was on the show Paranormal State because she was possessed. Of course I was interested because a possession had occurred in my hometown, Quincy Illinois. I found the episode called "I am Six" on youtube and watched it. After viewing, I was not sure what to think. According to my sister, the girl has always been strange. Part of me thinks that the girl was just crazy and seeking attention." http://www.iamhaunted.com/blog/view/id_9687/title_possession-on-paranormal-state-in-my-hometown/

Hannah @ 4:24 pm

Commonwealth Paranormal referred Lara's case to PRS. Interesting letter to the editor (Nov. 5, 2008) concerning this. http://www.journal-times.com/letters/local_story_310154249.html

Oubliette @ 6:55 pm

Hannah wrote: "According to my sister, the girl has always been strange. Part of me thinks that the girl was just crazy and seeking attention."

I think that sort of sums it up, except maybe "crazy" can be replaced with "mental problems". In the thread here on the original episode, it has been noted that some believe she has Peter Pan Syndrome or perhaps a severe Borderline Personality Disorder.

In my mind, the parents involved refuse to accept the actual situation, preferring to believe that Laura's behavior is the result of demon possession. That way, the source of the problem cannot come from the family unit or Laura, but some unknown entity. The family seems dysfunctional, as have others which have been featured in this series. This show just keeps getting scarier and more out of line.

After reading the article you provided, the Commonwealth Paranormal Society seems IMO just as culpable, asking in this supposedly demon obsessed group of performers. If they really wanted to help Laura, try to get her into some mental health and social service agencies, not contact PS. What did they expect? PS is basically a TV show, and was originally pitched to A & E as a "docu-drama".

The need to believe in PS and their methods, as well as the charismatic personality of Ryan Buell, apparently is very strong, indeed. A fact I'm sure he is proud of. I doubt very much if Laura is cured in any way. That is the saddest fact of all.

I made mention above of the Salem Witch Trials. They began with some young girls acting much the same way as Laura. Today we still don't know what actually went on, but demon possession is not one of the theories. I wish these paranormal groups and their medieval mindsets would recognize that cases like this belong to the realm of psychiatry and not "demons". The only demons that exist are those who take shameless advantage of the suffering, and then plaster it all over the airwaves.

March 27, 2009

Jef @ 6:37 pm

Having grown up in an environment full of people who could correctly be described as religious zealots, I can say from experience that trying to unravel the motives behind the actions of these people or how in the hell they justify their actions using logic and ethics will probably result in us banging our heads against the biggest and hardest tree we can find.

I know people who would honestly and deeply believe that this family did the right thing. That Ryan did the right thing. And that the statue of Rocky in Philadelphia should be placed by one of Chip Coffee pointing into the darkness as he shouts "Margaret!" I'm not taking their side–they are batshit craZy as far as I'm concerned. But they think the exact same thing about me and everyone else on the other side of the fence (so to speak).

As sad as it might be as far as the ethics of this situation are concerned, at the end of the day it's a TV show and this isn't even the most outrageous, unethical, despicable thing I've witnessed people do to get in front of a camera (and here I speak of all parties involved – the family, PRS, the network, the production company, the people that do Kraft Service for Paranormal State…)

Bottom line…

One of these days we're going to have to get together and do our own show. And do it right. I think that's the only way we'll ever be satisfied and have a show on TV that we are compelled to watch but doesn't make us pull our hair out.

I'd watch it.

March 30, 2009

Diogenes @ 4:40 pm

I hope that this is the last we hear of Laura and her ‘possession’. I have worked in the psychiatric field. IMO she is sick and there is no hope because she doesn’t want to be helped and because of the constant feeding of her illness by her parents.

The two people that are in charge of Laura are in their own wonderland. They can’t except that their daughter is a woman and not their baby anymore. They have created this demanding child-woman and when the situation gets too much do they seek the services of a good psychiatrist that can furnish the medication and counseling that their daughter needs? No, they go to their religion.

Now religion can be a great comfort to some people, but Laura’s parents are the nuttiest Catholics that I have ever seen and I was bought up in a family of nutty Catholics. I mean Laura even has a Chi Rho – early symbol of Christ – on the laundry chute. Now that is just plain looney!

I could go on and on about this show but I think that it has been covered enough. Are we going back to the 18th century when people paid money to go through places like Bedlam just to see and laugh at the funny people? Those that the shadow of mental illness has touched will tell you it is not funny-it is hell. Even Laura and her family are going through their own Gethsemane.

No one has the right – not PS, Not Ryan, not Chip Coffee, not A&E – to exploit this type of suffering for numbers in a ratings box.

March 31, 2009

Hannah @ 1:30 pm

Oubliette wrote: "I made mention above of the Salem Witch Trials. They began with some young girls acting much the same way as Laura. Today we still don't know what actually went on, but demon possession is not one of the theories."

PBS did an interesting special on it and one of the theories was a fungus in the grain that caused hallucinations from Ergot poisioning. Ergot Poisoning – the cause of the Salem Witch Trials http://www.hbci.com/~wenonah/history/ergot.htm

Jef wrote: "I know people who would honestly and deeply believe that this family did the right thing. That Ryan did the right thing. And that the statue of Rocky in Philadelphia should be placed by one of Chip Coffee pointing into the darkness as he shouts "Margaret!" I'm not taking their side–they are batshit craZy as far as I'm concerned. But they think the exact same thing about me and everyone else on the other side of the fence (so to speak)."

Reminded me of the saying: "Everyone is strange but me and Thee and sometimes I wonder about Thee."

Oubliette @ 10:44 pm

After reading up on the subject, I had believed that ergot poisoning probably accounted for the girls' behavior, but that theory has since been falling out of favor. It seems that a combination of a terribly restrictive religious environment, coupled with the girls being preteen and teenagers who, like most normal people their age, were bored and seeking attention, accounted for some of the behavior, found this attention getting outlet. It cannot be denied some adults seem to be encouraging them; again that is another similarity that can't be dismissed entirely where Laura is involved.

The best book that I have read on the subject is Frances Hill's "A Delusion of Satan-The Full Story of the Salem Witch Trials", in which she also postulates that some of the girls had been traumatized by Indian attacks that resulted in them witnessing their parents killed and mutilated before their very eyes. Some of the behavior may have its roots in having gone through such traumatic experiences.

Many years later one of the girls confessed that she and some others were faking the whole affair and she was very contrite about the whole matter and the people who were wrongfully executed. Unbelievably, she was "forgiven" by most of the community.

But back to Laura- It seems we might have a poor woman who has been overly protected by her parents and has learned to act out and manipulate those around her. The parallels between her actions and the young girls of Salem are to me quite interesting.

We will never really know the motivations behind Laura's behavior. It suddenly dawned on me-and I have no proof other than it was something that jumped into my head-that maybe this is all being done in hopes of maybe a book and movie in mind. Why not? The profit motive can never be ruled out.

April 1, 2009

Revenant @ 2:59 pm

Oubliette- "We will never really know the motivations behind Laura's behavior. It suddenly dawned on me-and I have no proof other than it was something that jumped into my head-that maybe this is all being done in hopes of maybe a book and movie in mind. Why not? The profit motive can never be ruled out."

It's odd to say, but I really hope that this is the case. A hidden agenda would show reason, forethought, and intelligence. I would much more perfer a planned hoax that they can profit from rather than other explanations of their actions. Unforunately, I do not believe that profit is the motive.

It's taken me a good week to post under this topic. Any earlier and it would have been just a profanity-filled rant. And to prevent that, I'll only say a couple of things.

Oubliette, as always, you did a masterful job on a review that was very difficult to watch, much less understand. Many layers of psychosis and subterfuge to filter through.

In the thread "The Latest Fiasco Called 'I am Six.'" on the forums, I still stand by my statements that I emailed to A&E. And that was "before" I knew a Part 2 was coming. If this girl and her family doesn't get some serious professional and medical help immediately, then prepare yourselves for the inevitable. The girl has already begun harming herself. Without proper intervention, this is going to spiral out of control.

The sickest aspect of all of this? If she does commit suicide, which is the obvious path that she is on…PS can do a one hour special on her and Chip Coffey can communicate with her from the beyond. And this isn't a sarcastic joke. You KNOW they would. There will be tears, talk of exorcism, and the obligatory speech by Chip saying "She finally won in her struggles and she's in a good place now." You KNOW this would happen…

I've never seen a "fluff" TV series show such blantant disregard for a mentally unstable person before. It's moving beyond bad taste and venturing into the criminal. Yes, there is evil in this world…but it isn't from unseen demons, it's from TV personalities and producers preying on and profitting from the weak. Pathetic…

Hannah @ 5:21 pm

Oubliette: "Why not? The profit motive can never be ruled out."
Hmm… that had not occurred to me. Possible, but do not really think was prime motivator. It may evolve though. I certainly do not discount it. Oh, thanks for the update on the Salem Witch trial theories…ergot, one possiblity, but the postulation of Frances Hill is very intriguing.

Revenant: "I've never seen a "fluff" TV series show such blantant disregard for a mentally unstable person before. It's moving beyond bad taste and venturing into the criminal. Yes, there is evil in this world…but it isn't from unseen demons, it's from TV personalities and producers preying on and profitting from the weak. Pathetic…"
I have wondered often what her therapist thinks of Laura and her family after presumably viewing both shows.

April 2, 2009

Harry @ 11:26 am

I feel it is only a matter of time before "Paranormal State" and A&E are sued by the family of one of the mentally disturbed people they now routinely exploit.

The pre-trial depositions and discovery will be fascinating.

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